The penalty rule is NOT about making contact with an opponent. It's about fouling (not even obstructing but FOULING) the opponent. So it was not a foul on Mustafi because Mustafi went down all by himself. Same with the Burnley pen. No foul. And Kos ducked his head into the boot of a player who wasn't even aware he was there. No pen and certainly not a booking. Xhaka you could argue deserved a yellow for a ridiculously stupid attempt at a tackle. But so did the guy who wasn't touched and dived over screaming. That's called simulation. Vogts deserved 2 red for 2 deliberate elbows on Xhaka.